Free Will Vs. Determinism Essay - 2770 Words

Free Will Vs. Determinism I. Determinism Before one can properly evaluate the entire debate that enshrouds the Free Will/Determinism, each term must have a meaning, but before we explore the meaning of each term, we must give a general definition. Determinism is, Everything that happens is caused to happen. (Clifford Williams. Free Will and Determinism: A Dialogue pg 3). This is the position that Daniel, a character in Williams’ dialogue, chooses to believe and defend. David Hume goes a little deeper and explains in his essay, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding of Liberty and Necessity, that determinism is this: It is universally allowed, that matter, in all its operations, is actuated by a necessary force, and†¦show more content†¦Daniel’s response was to clear up where the reasonable bounds of induction truly exist. If one were to drop one hundred objects of all shapes, sizes, and weights, and found that they all fell to the ground, then it would be safe to induce that all objects will f all to the ground. Accordingly, science has dropped thousands of events, and found that they all had causes. So, according to Daniel, it is not only sane to assume, but actually should be inferred that all things are caused. The only response to this is that we still have not seen enough to make an accurate inference. Though there seems to be a lot of evidence in favor of determinism, there is one field that remains an anomaly in science. Almost every area of science is based on cause and effect, order, and a structured protocol of operation, but the Quantum Mechanics is different. All matter is made up of atoms, and all atoms are made up of electrons, neutrons, and protons. These in turn are made up of quarks. The movement of quarks, and the emission of photons as electrons skip shells seem to be totally random. If this is true, then what are the implications on the free will/determinism debate? It may seem like an obscure point, but if you look at the definition of determinism, it says that all things are caused, and if there is one single uncaused event, then determinism must be false. So if you find one random event, then determinism is nothing more than a myth, but, in light of thisShow MoreRelatedFree Will vs Determinism627 Words   |  3 PagesTed Honderich Determinism Vs Free Will Psychology 101-1322 Professor: James Pattison By: Belinda Bielicki July 2, 2011 Determinism versus Free Will: The most important and the oldest philosophical question is perhaps that of free will and determinism. Do people have free will, or are our actions pre-determined? Ted Honderich defined determinism as the philosophical idea that every event or state of affairs, including every human decision and action, is the inevitable and necessaryRead MoreDeterminism Vs. Free Will1089 Words   |  5 Pages Determinism vs. Free will The belief that all events have causes and if there ever is an equivalent origin, the same outcome will occur is called determinism. Almost meaning that every event is certain and that there really isn’t such thing as â€Å"free will†. We have the debut of free will, it is an unmitigated appearance that simply holds that there is a case about anything that happens in the near future, nevertheless how it comes about. Which leads to the question, do we have free will? OrRead MoreFree Will Vs. Determinism879 Words   |  4 PagesFree Will vs. Determinism What determines and influences human behavior? Humans have been looking the answer for this question during several eras, thus they developed various theories attempting to explain human behavior. Determinism is the belief that one event is the consequence of a previous action, similar to a chain. According to some philosophers who support determinism, the will of an agent follows physical laws, and every action is explicable and predictable by physical conditions. By thisRead MoreFree will vs. Determinism1124 Words   |  5 PagesFree will vs. determinism is an argument as complex, intertwined, and co-dependent as nature vs. nurture or the age-old question of whether it was the chicken or the egg that came first. Philosophers have contemplated the question for ages, and arrived at no satisfactory answer. While considering which topic to address for this assignment, I posed the question of free will vs. determinism to a philosopher friend, whose response was â€Å"I don’t care.† He feels that the question is not worth askingRead MoreFree Will Vs. Determinism1526 Words   |  7 Pagesother’s throats: Free will versus determinism. Scientist believe they have proven that free will is a mere illusion. Philosophers think other wise. With many experiments and arguments included, both have a different view about this topic. One who believes that all thing, including human behavior, are already determined are people who believe in determinism. Others who believe in free will, believe that our actions are caused by free will and are not controlled. Believing in free will means that people’sRead MoreFree Will And Determinism Vs. Determinism1074 Words   |  5 PagesFree Will and Determinism For something to occur in this world, there must be the course and the reason for the occurrence, and which will then affect other future consequences. The theory of determinism states that all events whether moral choices or vices are predetermined by other existing courses. In the same connection, the free will of humans is connected to determinism since humans do things the best way, or they cannot act otherwise. According to Saul McLeod, â€Å"the determinist approach proposesRead MoreDeterminism Vs. Free Will1341 Words   |  6 PagesDeterminism is a doctrine suggesting that for every event there exist conditions that could cause no alternative event. Free will is a philosophical term describing a particular sort of capacity of rational agents to choose a course of action from among various alternatives. Understandably, the dichotomy between these two concepts is a topic philosophers have debated over for many years. As a result of these debates, a number of alternative philos ophical perspectives arguing for the existence ofRead MoreFree Will vs. Determinism Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesfierce-looking meatloaf, so you decide to go with pizza. So was your decision based off of free will or was this decision predetermined? To fully understand whether your actions resulted from free will or determinism, we must first define each. Determinism is the idea that everything happens due to a cause or a determinant, which is something that can be observed or measured. To put it simply, determinism does not mean that the future can be predicted. Rather, it is a prediction of the possible outcomesRead MoreFree Will Vs. Determinism1349 Words   |  6 Pagesquestions regarding free will and determinism. Free will is a human value that has inspired many individuals throughout history. These concepts of free will and determinism have inspired many poets, spiritualist, philosophers, and activist. There have been numerous philosophers who believe free will is a part o f our human nature, and are continually questioning the concept of free will, constantly attempting to understand its true meaning. In contrast to free will, there is determinism, which seems toRead MoreDeterminism Vs. Free Will893 Words   |  4 Pagesthe future is already determined is known in philosophy as determinism.   There are various definitions of determinism available; but in this essay, I shall use the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy definition, which is ‘the metaphysical thesis that the facts of the past, in conjunction with the laws of nature, entail every truth about the future This idea presents a difficult problem for the concept of free will:  how can we make free choices if all our actions are determined by the facts of the

Proposing Taxation of Products to Preserve Wildlife and...

Proposing Taxation of Products to Preserve Wildlife and the Environment â€Å"Only after the last tree has been cut down, Only after the last river has been poisoned, Only after the last fish has been caught, Only then will you realize that money cannot be eaten.† ---The Cree People Wildlife is declining more rapidly each day with innumerable species already on the endangered species list and hundreds more waiting to be put on. Although great efforts are being made by organizations and individuals to save these endangered animals there are still many things needed to be done. We need to install a tax on all products directly related to the environment, backpacks, hiking gear, fishing†¦show more content†¦World Wildlife Fund’s work has resulted, for example, in setting aside more than 450 parks and reserves, covering an area more than four times the size of California. The establishment of the 11 million-square-mile circumpolar Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary to help the recovery of critically endangered species like the blue whale. The creation of the Turtle Island Heritage Protected Area, the largest green turtle rookery in Southeast Asia and an important nesting site for hawksbill turtles (World Wildlife Fund, 2). Without this organization the p ublic would not be aware of what is really going on and the extreme danger wildlife is in right now. Another group that feels very strongly about saving our environment is Greenpeace. In 1971, a small, but determined crew made its way through the freezing waters of the North pacific to protest nuclear weapons tests planned for Amchictka Island. This crews name was, â€Å" Don’t Make a Wave Committee,† who is better known now as Greenpeace (Greenpeace, 1). Greenpeace, like the World Wildlife Fund, dedicates their lives to protecting the environment and presently has about 3 million members’ (1). Arizona has 31 species of native fish, 18 of these species are threatened or endangered according to the federal Endangered Species list and five are already extinct (Southwest Center for Biological Diversity, 1). The majority of people living inShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesirritate the person who asked the question. Real life decision-making often must work in a dynamic, unpredictable environment. In the business world, new competitors appear, prices rise or fall, opportunities that were available at one time are not available at another. The uncritical decision maker is unaware of these changes and continues to make decisions as if in the old environment. Alert decision makers understand the need to know when time is getting short and a decision is needed. This

Urban Planning Essay Proposal Free Essays

PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON Assignment #5: Reviewed Proposal Zoe Pearce, 6777341 To: Zahra Azizi Urbs 240 1 PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 2 This paper will examine the urban agriculture movement currently taking place in Detroit, Michigan and how it is having an effect on the city that the goals and motivations of historical planning initiatives strived to achieve. This paper will aim to shed light on why urban agriculture is an important and relevant new area to be studied and taken into consideration by governments and city planners for the betterment of future cities and the plans that will shape them. I will be utilizing the components of two styles of essay writing: compare and contrast; and categorize and explain. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Planning Essay Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will be comparing the desired outcomes and motivations that drove historical planning initiatives (of which I will explain in more detail to follow) to the actual outcomes and effects that citizen-initiated urban agriculture is having on the communities and individual citizens in Detroit. I will ‘categorize’ by assigning each body paragraph a historical movement and explain each ones’ goals, then compare these to the outcomes witnessed in Detroit. This comparison reveals that the goals of famous and major historical planning initiatives are being fulfilled by the means of the movement of UA in Detroit, planners should use the findings of Detroit as a tool to understand how they can replicate it in other plans to stimulate similar results. I will begin by developing the contextual reasons for the movement in Detroit and stating facts gathered through research. This will include the population and job losses that occurred due to the decline of the car industry and how the led to the state the city is now in. I will then introduce what exactly is happening in Detroit in terms of urban agriculture (UA). This will lead PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 3 to the description of positive effects it is having on the citizens and communities. These include: health benefits, educational benefits, raising morale, job creation, self empowerment, safety, efficient use of space (Thibert, 2012). Many of these interrelate with each other, so I will be creating broader categories into which they will fit. Each category will be discussed individually in each body paragraph, but the later paragraphs will also draw conclusions that incorporate effects from earlier paragraphs – because many of the effects are interrelated. I have not decided exactly the order in which I will introduce the ideas, but knowing my own writing method, it will come together in the writing process. Cutting and pasting will surely be necessary. The historical planning initiatives I will be examining are as follows: City Beautiful, motivated by citizens at the individual level to create healthy neighborhoods and happy citizens; Parks and Playground, motivated by getting children off the streets and into safer areas; Garden City, one of the various goals being earning revenue by efficiently placing agricultural work ‘close to the front doors’ of the workers; Henri Saint-Simon, who wanted to improve morale to create better societies (Booth, 1871; Howard, 1902; McArthur, 1975; Peterson, 2003). I will emphasize that the key points to be taken from my paper are not the means of how the initiatives were (intended to be) implemented, but the goals of why the initiative was created. I will conclude my paper by recapping my main arguments, and also stating the relevance of my findings. UA in Detroit is creating healthy, happier and safer communities and neighborhoods. This should be analyzed by city policy makers and urban planners to learn how this is happening and why so these positive effects can be replicated elsewhere in future plans. Lastly, I will mention the implications of this paper by mentioning the new attitude towards food PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 4 and food culture that is being developed in Detroit, and that if it could be replicated elsewhere in the United States, it could have larger scale positive effects on the crisis of obesity. I began my research by exploring the Concordia Clues dada base, the e-journals Urban History, Planning Perspectives and the database Jstor. Initially I was only looking for information on urban agriculture in Detroit. It was difficult to find articles on this topic, so I watched the documentary ‘Urban Roots’. This gave me an understanding of the effects average citizens involved in UA felt. The academic quality of this source is not as important, because the information I will be taking from this source is not objective, rather it is subjective, qualitative opinions. I then spoke to the professor, Catherine Vandermeulen about my issues finding academic sources; she advised me about an excellent paper written by a PhD student and professional Urban Planner, Joel Thibert. His paper explained that the discipline of UA in North America is new and there is little literature on it. His paper is also based on interviews he personally conducted with citizens involved with UA and their opinions, so between the academic source and the documentary, I had found enough information for which to base my UA portion of the paper. Next I had to find the historical references. I already knew which concepts I wanted to discuss because of learning about them within the previous 2 months in the class this paper is to be submitted for. I used the same means of internet searching as I did for the initial Detroit search. I read through multiple articles on each movement until I found ones that thoroughly discussed the motivations and goals of the movements, and had the potential to be quoted. I made sure they came of reputable sources. I knew already I would be using the actual text written by Ebenezer Howard, so I simply had to find that, which I did via Google Scholar. I PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON ound a biography on Henri Saint-Simon which is extremely in depth about his entire life, published by a reputable publisher. The specific sources chosen can be found in the reference section below. More detail on all of my sources can be found in my annotated bibliography. 5 PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON References Booth, J. A. (1871). Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism: A chapter in the history of socialism in France. London, England: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. Howard, E. (1902). Garden cities of to-morrow (pp. 9-29). Retrieved from openlibrary. rg/ books/OL20551099M/Garden_Cities_of_Tomorrow. McArthur, B. (1975). The Chicago playground movement: A neglected feature of social justice. Social Service Review, 49(3), 376-395. Peterson, J. A. (2003). The birth of city planning in the United States,1840-1917 (pp. 98-122). Balitmore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved from http://ohdl. handle. net. mercury. concordia. ca/2027/heb. 05838. 0001. 001. Thibert, J. (2012). Making local planing work for urban agriculture in the North American context: A view from the ground. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 32(3), 349-357. 6 How to cite Urban Planning Essay Proposal, Essay examples

Micro Level Language Policy for Teaching- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMicro Level Language Policy for Teaching. Answer: Language Policy The development of macro language policies for countries and governments, together with nation-state level, is related to language planning and policy. Outside countries and government, language policies and planning, may also be present in communities, business establishments, institutions of learning, and education research institutes. The inclusion of language planning and policy outside government and countries leads to the development of language needs by these institutions. Such inclusion is due to the occurrence, at the micro-level, of policy planning (Baldauf 2005). In the education research institutes and the institutions of learning language, students needs can be catered for by developing micro language planning. The development of micro language planning is done by improving the language skills of the students with the involvement of teachers. The development of micro language policy is not smooth sailing as it seems, many issues and problems often arise hence hindering t his implementation. This paper discusses some of these problems and issues which arise during the implementation of language policy. Policy actors, nonetheless, can use several ways to solve and mitigate these language planning and policy issues. The issues can be mitigated because there are many an implication that can be used to improve the adoption of the micro-language policy and planning. An assessment of the literature on language planning and policy is necessary before embarking on the problems which affect its implementation. The review of the literature will enable us to understand the basis and contexts of the problems for the implementation of developed policy. Covering the framework that was used to develop the micro and macro policies is also necessary for understanding the context. Literature Review Language planning has been defined by Baldauf (2005) as the modifications, both organized and intentional, to a language. This modification of the language often occurs among a similar group of persons, in countries, or in governments who have a common language. This attempt to give the meaning of language planning also concludes that language policies come as a result of language planning by educational specialists and by countries. This explanation relates language policy to its planning. Language policy and planning relation are meant for language modification through the amalgamation of processes, ideologies, rules, and regulations (Kaplan Baldauf, 1997). Further relation of the two is seen when official and unofficial government papers meant for language planning contain policies on language (Baldauf, 2005). A well-made framework is what guides all the aspects of planning, for example, corpus and status planning, involved in language planning. These aspects of planning are asso ciated with features of languages. Other aspects of planning include the prestige planning which labels the appearance of a language and acquisition planning which involves the; learning of a new language. Language planning is a complex aspect which can take place in many levels starting from a large aspect to a small aspect. Language planning can take place at the micro and macro levels (Kaplan Baldauf, 1997). The focus of this essay is on one of these levels of planning; the micro level hence the descriptions and the deliberations found therein will be based on micro level planning. Macro level is often thought to give rise to the micro level of planning, but this is not the case. Micro level planning is a different aspect which is focused on governments, countries, focus individuals, educational institutions, and groups with similar objectives. These groups hatch a plan to exploit and advance language policies which are not related to macro policies. The language policies based on micro-planning are a reaction by the groups because of the problems of their existing languages (Baldauf, 2005). This, in itself, shows the difference between micro policy and macro policy. There are many factors and groups of people who are involved in micro planning. These groups range from large institutions of learning to other stakeholders such as education organizations. Because of the many players and organizations involved, micro-planning is often in many different shapes and forms (Baldauf, 2005). Different groups implement the policies differently hence the outcomes are often varied. In his study, Baldauf found out of a different micro planning when the postgraduate students he was assessing used the frameworks that have been introduced before. The different micro planning aspects as a result of use of different frameworks by the groups which are involved in the language policy and planning. The postgraduate students mentioned came up with different micro planning policies due to the application of the different structure of planning. Some of the examples used by the students and the frameworks they used to come up with them have been indicated in this essay. The postgradu ate students gave some reasonings behind their choosing of this kind of framework which gave rise to different micro planning policies. The use of the different framework was necessitated so that they could achieve their aims. One of their reasons was so that they could find support materials which were to be used planning. This is known as corpus planning as it involves the collections of writings to be used in a particular task. The other reason was prestige planning which is the labeling of the appearance of a language so as to promote them. The final reason was the planning of language-in-education so that it could develop the language abilities in their workforce (Balduaf, 2005). Problems Affecting Implementation of Language Policies This essay aims to understand the context of language problems affecting an English language center in Saudi University in the United Arab Emirates. This context can also apply to other English language centers in the region. This essay aims to come up with the resolutions to these complications faced by the center. The English learning centers such as the one in Saudi University were established mainly to give students who were interested in learning the English language an opportunity where they can learn and advance their English skills. Most of these centers are based on informal settings hence they give learners an outside-class experience in improving learning skills. In this center, the teachers and the students themselves help each other to advance their language skills. Such centers are also developed to assist students to be proficient in the English language to help in their quest of joining institutions of higher learning. In this language policy in the learning centers, the main players are the head of these institutions since they make the policies. The teachers are also seen to be the main players since they are responsible for developing the planning of the policy made by the institution heads. The tutors provide their suggestions and expertise in generating the language policy. Many problems arise as the teachers and the heads of the learning centers roll out policy plans. The problems faced by the tutors and the institution heads arise when they are implementing the policies in the learning centers. The problems faced by the tutors and the heads are as a result of planning and implementation of language policy. The role of teachers in attracting students to these institutions can lead to a rise in problems. Since most of the students are used to speaking in their native languages outside the classroom, it creates a challenge to the implementation of language policy. Some of the programs taught in these institutions are offered in times which conflict to the real programs of the other courses, and this can prove challenging since the students have to choose one to attend. The students often prioritize their regular programs hence creating problems for language planning implementation. Additionally, problems can arise due to the use of improper materials and weak teaching methods used by tutors during the program, the goals of the learning program are also unclear leading to the use of a weak curriculum of teaching. Finally, the tutors and the managers, due to societal behavior and other factors, fail to take into account the students suggestions and needs when they are looking for ways to improve the program. Such a failure to listen to the students often result in a poor utilization of the program by students and hence do not lead to the improvement in their language skills. As previously seen, most of the problems arise from the way the teachers and the heads of the institutions implement the program. One of the notable problems that arises due to this implementation is the approaches and methods used by these teachers. The teachers use methods which are similar to normal programs hence most of the students get bored with the program since it extends the same monotony of the classroom programs. As seen, the objectives of the program are not well defined and are not communicated to the students. This is a problem in that the students do not consider the objectives when taking the program. One significant problem, however, is that the players of the policy implementation do not take in the students suggestions on how best to implement the program. For a program to succeed, it must take in the feedback from the students since they are the one whom the program is meant for. The goal of the program is to improve the skills of the students and to do that; it should get their input on how they can improve their English skills. Solutions to the Problems Affecting Language Policy Implementation For proper implementation of the language policy, the tutors and schools heads should tackle the problems facing the implementation. There exist some ways in which the problems facing the language implementation can be tackled, or at least, mitigated. For an effective policy to be implemented, the problems must be tackled. The proposed enhancements should be factored in by the tutors and the institution heads so that the English learning center can implement a successful policy. The tutors and the heads can team up with the students to ensure that they implement the English language policy (Baldauf Li, 2008). The instructors at the English learning center should play a part in making the appearance of the English language attractive to learners. The tutors should demonstrate why learning English is important to the students since language skills are important in todays contemporary world. The students should know that will get more opportunities and more skill if the attend the program which they will not gain in their normal program. The tutors also need to make the English language look attractive to the students so that many of the students can enroll in the course. They should also encourage the students to promote the program by telling their colleagues about the advantages of the program and by coming up with other ways of promoting the program. This can be achieved by telling the students the objectives of the program and the aims of the program. These aims and objectives can then be placed on the notice boards around the institution so that other students can see and enroll. An important solution to the problems facing the program implementation is factoring in the students suggestions and needs so that the students can continue attending the program. The different planning methods should be applied to ensure that they students keep attending the program. Regarding gathering the materials used in the program, the tutors and policy heads who are responsible for the enactment of the curriculum used in the program should carefully select the materials that will be of benefit to the students and which factor in the needs of the students and the needs of the job market. The syllabus used should improve the language and communication skills of the students. The program heads should also make sure that the tutors are well trained and are conversant with the goals of the program. The tutors should use materials which bring out the best in the students. There should be open communication between the tutors and the students who are in the program and with those wh o want to join the program. The students should play a big role in the development of the curriculum used in the program. The students should have a say on what is to be taught in the in the program, what materials should be used, the materials they deem effective, and how the tutors should improve. The students should be given evaluation forms where they can suggest ways improve the programs, what is wrong with the program, and anyway, the program can be made to be effective. The institution heads and the instructors should factor in the students needs so that the program can achieve the maximum benefit to the students. Questionnaires and surveys are important to be taken by all the stakeholders to get feedback on the English learning program and to find new ways of improving the program. The questionnaires should be given to the students at the end of each semester. Education specialists should be called in to give their views on how the program should be modified so that the students can benefit maximum from the program. As seen already, explaining the objectives of the program to the students will enable them to gain a lot of the course. Surveys are to get input so that the program can be improved. By giving out the questionnaires and the surveys and enabling the students to have to say on how the program should be, will improve the reception of the program on the students who will see it as more engaging than the usual traditional programs offered at the institution. To conclude, this essay has looked into how an English learning center has started a program on micro policy planning, the problems the institution faces in the implementation of the program, and the solutions to the problems being faced by the institution. Players in policy implementation should be aware of the problems and come up with ways of mitigating them to improve the program. To solve the mentioned problems, the essay came up with many solutions in which the institution can implement so that it can improve the policy implementation in the English learning center. Solving these problems will lead to the effectiveness of the problem in developing students language skills and giving them an edge over their colleagues who did not attend the program. The solutions to the problems and the recommendations on how to improve the program should be taken into consideration by the tutors and the school heads so that they can improve the implementation of language policy. References Baldauf Jr., Richard B. (2005). Language planning and policy research: An overview. InEli Hinkel(Ed.),Handbook of research on second language teaching and learning(pp.957-970)Mahwah, NJ, U.S.A.:L. Erlbaum Associates. Baldauf Jr., Richard B. (2005). Micro language planning. InPaul Bruthiaux,Dwight Atkinson,William Eggington,William GrabeandVaidehi Ramanathan(Ed.),Directions in Applied Linguistics: Essays in Honor of Robert B. Kaplan(pp.227-239)Clevedon, U.K.:Multilingual Matters. Baldauf Jr., Richard B., Li, Minglin and Zhao, Shouhui (2008). Language acquisition management inside and outside the school. InB. SpolskyandF. Hult(Ed.),Handbook of educational linguistics(pp.233-250)New York, U.S.:Springer. Baldauf Jr., Richard B. (2008). Rearticulating the case for micro language planning in a language ecology context. InAnthony J. LiddicoatandRichard B. Baldauf Jr.(Ed.),Language planning and policy: Language planning in local contexts(pp.18-41)Clevedon, U.K.:Multilingual Matters. Chua, C. S. K., Baldauf, R. B. Jr. (2011). Micro language planning In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research on second language teaching and learning (pp. 936-951). New York; London: Routledge. Hamid, M. O., Baldauf, R. B. Jr. (2014). Public-private domain distinction as an aspect of LPP frameworks: A case study of Bangladesh. Language Problems Language Planning, 39(2), 192-210. Kaplan, Robert B. and Baldauf Jr., Richard B.Language and language-in-education planning in the Pacific Basin.Dordrecht; Boston:Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

The Power Of One By Ernest Hemmingway Essays - Ernest Hemingway

The Power of One by Ernest Hemmingway Throughout the world, there are many diverse cultures, each of these distinct cultures have different backgrounds, rituals and practices. These cultures have a profound effect on the minds of their inhabitants. It's a person's culture which effects their thoughts, beliefs and their outlook upon life. It doesn't matter where you are from or where you go to, you always have a piece of your culture with you wherever you are. It is your cultural heritage's and background which molds your mind, and your thoughts of how you perceive the world around you. In every culture different aspects of the society are viewed differently. Some cultures share similarities with other cultures about how they view things. In many cultures sports plays a key role in the society, and many times the whole community is based around the sports. No matter where you are from, sports will always play a role in the society. Many times in literature you can tell where the setting is or where the author is from by t he way the community or society in the literature view sports. If you look at the literature that authors produce and where they are from, you will notice a common trend in all of their work. The cultural heritage of the writer affects the perspective in which they write from or about. The cultural heritage affects the writers perspective in many different ways, among them are stereotypes and the setting of the story and the everyday activities that the character go through. Two prime examples of how an authors cultural heritage affects the perspective that they write from is the South African author Bryce Courtenay and the American author Ernest Hemingway. Bryce Courtenay was born and raised in South Africa and received his early education there. He spend the majority of his adolescent life in South Africa and in his final year in Africa he spent it in the copper mines of Central Africa, before he moved to England to complete his education.1 Courtenay spent his early life in Africa, and the African culture had a profound affect him. His time in the copper mines also had a penetrating effect on him and it is visible in his writing, when he wrote about the mines in Africa. In the book The Power of One, Courtenay writes form the perspective of a young British boy in South Africa which shows how cultural heritages affects the writers perspective. It is apparent that the prejudices had a astonishing affect on Courtenay, especially with the hatred between the Boers, Blacks and the British. Because of the hatred going on in South Africa at the time of his growing up and even today, you can sense a tone of racism in his writing. "Please, Meneer, he hates kaffirs (blacks) just like you."2 Frequently in the book the black are referred to kaffirs and other derogatory terms. Through the years, because of wars and other disagreements the Boers have come to hate the British, and vice versa and the Blacks in southern Africa have always been hated ever since the white Europeans arrived. This hatred started between the British and the Boers when the British first came to Africa during the slave trade. The Boers from Europe, had migrated to Africa for freedom, freedom of religion and of the prejudices that they faced in Europe. There was peace between the British and the Boers until the Boer republics were found to be rich in diamonds and gold. Fortune hunters, mostly British, poured in to stake claims,3 which belonged to the Boers. That is when the tension increased. Soon after was the Boer War, and since then there has been a great amount of tension and hatred between the British and the Boers. "...he stopped halfway down the alley and shouted in Afrikaans, 'I'll get you back for this, you rooinek (redneck, a derogatory term for the English) bastard.'"4 Time and time again in the book you can feel the tension and hatred between each of the groups in South Africa. Another area of his culture that is present in the book The Power Of One is that of sports. There all

A female with chronic diarrhoea and loss of weight Essays - Medicine

A female with chronic diarrhoea and loss of weight Essays - Medicine A female with chronic diarrhoea and loss of weight : Analysis of a case : A 25-year- old female, Valli, from Chennai, India , visited the medical outpatient department for complaints of diarrhoea and flatulence off and on for the past 5 years , more so since 3 months . She said that she had lost a considerable amount of weight and always felt weak and exhausted. She also admitted having low backache since 3 months. She said her faeces were bulky, greasy and foul smelling. Throughout childhood, she had persistent diarrhoea but the symptoms subsided in adolescence. She was referred to a gastroenterologist. The consultant arranged for blood and faecal analyses. The faecal tests showed that she had steatorrhoea and the blood examination revealed a dimorphic anaemia with a low serum calcium. Her serum electrolytes and prothrombin time were within normal limits. The consultant suspected coeliac disease and arranged for an endoscopy. An endoscopic biopsy of the mucosa taken showed flattening of the villi with excess of plasma cells in the submucosa. What is coeliac disease? It is an abnormal reaction to gluten, a constituent of wheat flour, leading on to diarrhea and malabsorption. It is also called gluten-sensitive enteropathy, with the onset of symptoms occurring at ages ranging from the first year of life through the eighth decade What is the basic defect in this condition? The basic defect is enterocyte damage causing atrophy of the villi and malabsorption caused by Gluten, a constituent of wheat flour. The damage is due to an abnormal immune response to gliadins ,especially -gliadin, components of gluten. What is its aetiology? It is genetic, immunologic and environmental. It is a T-cell mediated disease. Antibodies to the enzyme transglutaminase released in tissues during inflammation are present in 98 %.Deamidation of gliadin by transglutaminase generates a recognition site for CD4 T lymphocytes; the locally activated lymphocytes trigger production of cytokines which then cause the damage. Gliadin peptides interact with gliadin-specific T cells that mediate tissue injury and induce the release of one or more cytokines (e.g., IFN-) that cause tissue injury. Transglutaminase antibodies also affect the differentiation of epithelial cells, by interfering with the action of the enzyme. What is the HLA associated with celiac disease? All patients express the HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 allele, though only a minority of people expressing DQ2/DQ8 have celiac disease. Absence of DQ2/DQ8 excludes the diagnosis of celiac disease What are the clinical features? The symptoms of celiac disease may appear with the introduction of cereals in an infant's diet, although spontaneous remissions often occur during the second decade of life that may be either permanent or followed by the reappearance of symptoms over several years. Alternatively, the symptoms of celiac disease may first become evident at almost any age throughout adulthood. In many patients, frequent spontaneous remissions and exacerbations occur. The symptoms range from significant malabsorption of multiple nutrients, with diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, and the consequences of nutrient depletion (i.e., anemia and metabolic bone disease), to the absence of any gastrointestinal symptoms but with evidence of the depletion of a single nutrient (e.g., iron or folate deficiency, osteomalacia, edema from protein loss). Some have manifestations that are not obviously related to intestinal malabsorption, e.g., anemia, osteopenia, infertility, neurologic symptoms ("atypical celiac disease"); while an even larger group are essentially asymptomatic though with abnormal small intestinal histopathology and serologies and are referred to as "silent' celiac disease. What are the likely causes of diarrhoea in coeliac disease? High concentrations of unabsorbed nutrients in the chime would lead to osmotic diarrhea.However the delivery of large amounts of fat into the colon can result in the production of hydroxylated fatty acidsby colonic bacteria. These act as cathartics. Diarrhea may be secondary to (1) steatorrhea, which is primarily a result of the changes in jejunal mucosal function; (2) secondary lactase deficiency, a consequence of changes in jejunal brush border enzymatic function; (3) bile acid malabsorption resulting in bile acid-induced fluid secretion in the colon, in cases with more extensive disease involving the ileum; and (4) endogenous fluid secretion resulting from crypt hyperplasia. How do you arrive at a diagnosis? A small-intestinal biopsy is required to establish a diagnosis of celiac disease. The classical changes seen on duodenal/jejunal biopsy are restricted to the mucosa and include (1) an increase in the

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 12

Project Management - Essay Example These activity lists proposes all the scheduled activity which will help to complete the project quickly. Implementation of work package during project leads concurrent work on various different mechanism of a project at the equivalent time by multiple teams. Most of the times, the completion of work package has been overseen by the managers or supervisor or a team leader of a project team. Moreover work packages reduce the activity cost and other indirect costs like cost of material, cost of transportation, cost of labor etc. Work breakdown structure is a deliverable and oriented decomposition of a specific project into smaller components. One of the important uses of work breakdown structure is that this structure proposes cost control standard for the future project activities which may or may not be similar. Moreover work breakdown structure starts off with a generalized goal in a quality planning process and helps to identify the progressive narrow level of action that is needed in order to achieve the project objectives. While implementation of work breakdown structure the team should have in depth understanding of the tasks required. Work breakdown structure is the critical input which identifies the risks subsequently in macro and micro level of work packages. To identify the cost variances and scheduled variances, project managers quite often use the performance measurement baseline. The performance management baseline is the collection of work packages that estimates work effort and duration of every work packages. Moreover it controls cost of resources. After determination of scopes and approaches towards a project, work breakdown structure is constructed to complete the work packages efficiently. These will help a project team to identify the project activities. The key elements are required to construct a project work that is the resources. Project managers need to apply